Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine Rulers (to 1453)


ALEXANDER THE GREAT, 356-323 B.C.

Hellenistic Dynasties

A. Ptolemid Dynasty of Egypt


PTOL. SOTER, 323-285 B.C.

PTOL. II PHILADELPHUS, 285-246

PTOL. III EUERGETES I, 246-221

PTOL. IV PHILOPATOR, 221-203

PTOL. V EPIPHANES, 203-181/180

PTOL. VI PHILOMETOR, 181/180-145

PTOL. VII EUERGETES II (Physcon), 145-116

PTOL. VIII SOTER II (Lathyrus), 116-108/107, 88-80

PTOL. IX ALEXANDER I, 108/107-88

PTOL. X ALEXANDER II, 80

PTOL. XI AULETES, 80-51

PTOL. XII and CLEOPATRA VII, 51-48

PTOL. XIII and CLEOPATRA VII, 47-44

CLEOPATRA VII and PTOL. XIV CAESAR (Caesarion), ?44-30

B. Seleucid Dynasty of Syria


SELEUCUS I, 312-281

ANTIOCHUS I, 281-261

ANTIOCHUS II (son), 261-246

SELEUCUS II (son), 246-225

SELEUCUS III (son), 226-223

ANTIOCHUS III (son of SELEUCUS II), 223-187

SELEUCUS IV (son), 187-175

ANTIOCHUS IV (brother of SELEUCUS IV), 175-?164

ANTIOCHUS V (son of ANTIOCHUS IV), 164?-162

DEMETRIUS I (brother of ANTIOCHUS IV), 162-150

ALEXANDER BALAS (allegedly son of ANTIOCHUS IV), 150-145

ANTIOCHUS VI (son of BALAS), 145-143/42

DEMETRIUS II (son of DEMETRIUS I), 145-139/38, 129-125

ANTIOCHUS VII (brother of DEMETRIUS II), 139/38-129

[ALEXANDER II ZABINAS], 128-123

ANTIOCHUS VIII, 125-121, 121-96

SELEUCUS V, 125

ANTIOCHUS IX, 115-95

SELEUCUS VI, 96-95

ANTIOCHUS X, 95-83

ANTIOCHUS XI, 92

PHILIPPUS I, 92-83

DEMETRIUS III, 95-88

ANTIOCHUS XII, 87-84

[TIGRANES of Armenia], 83-69

ANTIOCHUS XIII, 69-64

PHILIPPUS II, 65-64

C. Mithridatid Dynasty of Pontus


MITHRIDATES I, 337/336-302/301

MITHRIDATES II, 302/301-266/265

ARIOBARZANES, 266/265-c. 250

MITHRIDATES III, c. 250-c. 185

PHARNACES I, c. 185-c. 170

MITHRIDATES IV PHILOPATOR PHILADELPHUS, c. 170-c. 150

MITHRIDATES V EUERGETES, c. 150-121/120

MITHRIDATES VI EUPATOR DIONYSUS, 121/120-63

PHARNACES II, 63-47

DARIUS, 39-?37

D. Bithynia


ZIBOETES, 327-279

NICOMEDES I, c. 279-c.250

ZIAELAS, c. 250-c. 230

PRUSIAS I, c. 230-c. 180

PRUSIAS II, c. 180-149

NICOMEDES II EPIPHANES, 149-c. 94

NICOMEDES III EPIPHANES PHILOPATOR, c. 94-75/74

E. Cappadocia


ARIARATHES III, 262/261-220

ARIARATHES IV EUSEBES, 220-163

ARIARATHES V EUSEBES PHILOPATOR, 163-c. 130

Disorder in the kingdom during the regency of the queen-mother Nysa.

ARIARATHES VI EPIPHANES PHILOPATOR, c. 126-111

ARIARATHES VII PHILOMETOR, 111-c. 100

With the death of ARIARATHES VII, the dynasty ended. Hereafter the kings were elected by the nobles.

ARIOBARZANES I PHILOROMAIOS, c. 95-62

ARIOBARZANES II PHILOPATOR, 62-51

ARIOBARZANES III EUSEBES PHILOROMAIOS, 51-42

F. Commagene


PTOLEMAEUS, ruling c. 170, independent ruler c. 163-c. 130

SAMUS II THEOSEBES DIKAIOS, c. 130-c. 100

MITHRIDATES I CALLINICUS, c. 100-c. 70

ANTIOCHUS I THEOS c. 70-c. 35


[Decline of the Roman Republic, 133-31 B.C.]

Emperors of Rome

JULIO-CLAUDIAN EMPERORS

AUGUSTUS, 27 B.C.-A.D. 14

TIBERIUS, 14-37

CALIGULA, 37-41

CLAUDIUS, 41-54

NERO, 54-68


FLAVIAN EMPERORS

GALBA, OTHO, and VITELLIUS, 69

VESPASIAN, 70-79

TITUS, 79-81

DOMITIAN, 81-96


THE FIVE GOOD EMPERORS AND COMMODUS

NERVA, 96-98

TRAJAN, 98-117

HADRIAN, 117-137

ANTONINUS PIUS, 138-161

MARCUS AURELIUS, 161-180

COMMODUS, 180-192


SEVERAN EMPERORS

SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193-211

CARACALLA, 211-217

MACRINUS, 217-218

ELAGABALUS, 218-222

ALEXANDER SEVERUS, 222-235


MAXIMINUS and GORDIAN I, 235-238

GORDIAN III, 238-244

GALLIENUS, 253-268

CLAUDIUS GOTHICUS, 268-270

AURELIAN, 270-275

TACITUS, 275-276 and FLORIAN, 276

PROBUS, 276-282

CARUS, CARINUS, and NUMERIANUS, 282-284

DIOCLETIAN, 285-305

Emperors of Byzantium


CONSTANTINIAN DYNASTY


CONSTANTINE I, THE GREAT, 305-337

CONSTANTIUS, 337-361 SOLE EMPEROR AFTER 351

JULIAN THE APOSTATE, 361-363 SOLE EMPEROR

JOVIAN, 363-364 SOLE EMPEROR

VALENS, 364-378

THEODOSIAN DYNASTY

THEODOSIUS I, THE GREAT, 379-395 SOLE EMPEROR AFTER 392

ARCADIUS, 395-408

THEODOSIUS II, 408-450 ANTHEMIUS, REGENT 408-414

MARCIAN, 450-457

LEONINE DYNASTY

LEO I, 457-474

LEO II, 474

ZENO, 474-491 BASILISCUS, USURPER 475-76

ANASTASIUS I, 491-518

JUSTINIAN DYNASTY

JUSTIN I, 518-527

JUSTINIAN I, 527-565

JUSTIN II, 565-578 SOPHIA, REGENT 573-574

TIBERIUS, REGENT 574-578

TIBERIUS II, 578-582

MAURICE, 582-602

THEODOSIUS, CO-EMPEROR 590-602

PHOCAS, 602-610

HERACLIAN DYNASTY

HERACLIUS I, 610-641

CONSTANTINE III, 613-641

HERACLEONAS, 638-641

CONSTANTINE III, 641

HERACLEONAS, 641 MARTINA, REGENT 641.

CONSTANS II, 641-668

CONSTANTINE IV, 659-668

HERACLIUS, 659-681

TIBERIUS, 659-681

CONSTANTINE IV, POGONATUS 668-685

JUSTIANIAN II, RHINOTMETUS 685-695

LEONTIUS, 695-698

TIBERIUS III, APSIMAR 698-705

JUSTINIAN II, RHINOTMETUS 705-711

TIBERIUS, 706-711

PHILIPPICUS, BARDANES 711-713

ANASTASIUS II, ARTEMIUS 713-715

THEODOSIUS III, 715-717

ISAURIAN DYNASTY

LEO III, THE ISAURIAN 717-740

CONSTANTINE V, 720-740

CONSTANTINE V, COPRONYMUS 740-775

LEO IV, 750-775

LEO IV, THE KHAZAR 775-780

CONSTANTINE VI, 776-780

CONSTANTINE VI, 780-797 IRENE, REGENT 780-790, 792-797

IRENE, 797-802

NICEPHORUS I, 802-811

STAURACIUS, 811

MICHAEL I, RHANGABE 811-813

LEO V, THE ARMENIAN 813-820

AMORIAN DYNASTY

MICHAEL II, THE AMORIAN 820-829

THEOPHILUS, 821-829

THEOPHILUS, 829-842

MICHAEL III, THE DRUNKARD 842-867 THEODORA, REGENT 842-856

BARDAS, REGENT 862-866

BASIL I, 866-867

MACEDONIAN DYNASTY

BASIL I, THE MACEDONIAN 867-886

CONSTANTINE, 869-880

LEO VI, 870-886

ALEXANDER, 871-912

LEO VI, THE WISE 886-912

CONSTANTINE VII, 911-913

ALEXANDER, 912-913

CONSTANTINE VII, PORPHYROGENITUS 913-919 REGENCY COUNCIL 913.

ZOE CARBOPSINA, REGENT, 913-919.

ROMANUS I, LECAPENUS 919-944

CONSTANTINE VII, 919-944

CHRISTOPHER LECAPENUS, 921-931

STEPHEN LECAPENUS, 924-945

CONSTANTINE LECAPENUS, 924-945

CONSTANTINE VII, PORPHYROGENNETUS 944-959

ROMANUS II, c.950-959

ROMANUS II, 959-963

BASIL II, 960-963

CONSTANTINE VIII, 961-1025

BASIL II, BULGAROCTONUS 963 TEOPHANO, REGENT 963

NICEPHORUS II, PHOCAS 963-969

BASIL II, 963-976

JOHN I, TZIMISCES 969-976

BASIL II, BULGAROCTONUS 976-1025

CONSTANTINE VIII, 1025-1028

ROMANUS III, ARGYRUS 1028-1034

MICHAEL IV, THE PAPHLAGONIAN 1034-1041

MICHAEL V, THE CALFAT 1041-1042

ZOE AND THEODORA, PORPHYROGENNETAE 1042

CONSTANTINE IX, MONOMACHUS 1042-1055

THEODORA, PORPHYROGENNETA 1055-1056

MICHAEL VI, STRATIOTICUS 1056-1057

ISAAC I, COMMENUS 1057-1059

DUCAS DYNASTY

CONSTANTINE X, DUCAS 1059-1067

MICHAEL VII, c.1060-1067

MICHAEL VII, PARAPINACES 1067-1068; EUDOCIA MACREMBOLITISSA, REGENT 1067-1068.

ROMANUS IV, DIOGENES 1068-1071

MICHAEL VII, 1068-1071

MICHAEL VII, PARAPINACES 1071-1078

NICEPHORUS III, BOTANIATES 1078-1081

COMNENIAN DYNASTY

ALEXIUS I, COMNENUS 1081-1118

CONSTANTINE DUCAS, 1081-c.1090

JOHN II, 1092-1118

JOHN II, CALOJOHANNES 1118-1143

ALEXIUS, 1119-1142

MANUEL I, 1143-1180

ALEXIUS II, 1172-1180

ALEXIUS II, 1180-1183

MARIA OF ANTIOCH,REGENT 1180-1182.

ANDRONICUS I, 1182-1183

ANDRONICUS I, 1183-1185

ANGELUS DYNASTY

ISAAC II, ANGELUS 1185-1195

ALEXIUS III, 1195-1203

ALEXIUS IV, 1203-1204

ISAAC II, 1203-1204

ALEXIUS V, MURTZUPHLUS 1204

LASCARID DYNASTY

(NICAEAN EMPIRE, 1204-1261)

THEODORE I, LASCARIS 1204-1222

JOHN III, DUCAS VATATZES 1222-1254

THEODORE II, LASCARIS VATATZES 1254-1258

JOHN IV, DUCAS VATATZES 1258

PALAEOLOGAN DYNASTY

MICHAEL VIII, PALAEOLOGUS 1258-1282

ANDRONICUS II, 1272-1282

ANDRONICUS II, 1282-1328

MICHAEL, 1295-1320

ANDRONICUS III, 1325-1328

ANDRONICUS III, 1328-1341

JOHN V, 1341-1347; ANNE OF SAVOY, REGENT 1341-1347

JOHN VI, CANTACUZENE 1347-1355

JOHN V, 1347-1355

MATTHEW CANTACUZENE, 1348-1355

JOHN V, 1355-1376

ANDRONICUS IV, 1376-1379

JOHN VII, 1376-1390

JOHN V, 1379-1390

ANDRONICUS IV, 1379-1385

MANUEL II, 1386-1391

JOHN VII, 1390

JOHN V, 1390-1391

MANUEL II, 1391-1425

JOHN VII, 1399-1412

JOHN VIII, 1423-1425

CONSTANTINE XI, DRAGASES 1448-1453